Researchers Look for Biological Reasons Behind Stuttering
2022-03-01
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1Researchers are looking into the biological causes of stuttering.
2Stuttering is a speech problem that causes the speaker to repeat the beginning sound of some words.
3For centuries, people have feared being judged for stuttering.
4It is a condition often misunderstood as a psychological problem caused by things like bad parenting or emotional trauma.
5But research presented at a recent science conference explores its biological causes: genetics and brain differences.
6Stuttering affects 70 million people around the world, including U.S. President Joe Biden.
7Biden has spoken publicly about being bullied by classmates for his speech problem.
8He has said that overcoming his stutter was one of the hardest things he ever did.
9After a campaign event in 2020, he met a New Hampshire teenager who also stuttered, Brayden Harrington.
10They ended up talking for an hour.
11Living with a stutter has not been easy, Brayden told The Associated Press.
12"I want to carry on what Joe Biden said to me," he said.
13 "That this does not define you and that you can be much more than you see yourself as."
14Stuttering has been recorded as far back as ancient China, Greece and Rome.
15But no one really knew what caused it until modern genetic science and brain imaging helped provide some answers.
16Researchers identified the first genes strongly linked to stuttering more than a decade ago.
17Imaging studies looked at brains of adults and older children.
18And in the last few years, University of Delaware researcher Ho Ming Chow started looking at 3- to 5-year-olds.
19That is around the age many kids begin stuttering, with about 80 percent outgrowing it.
20Chow said the imaging shows small brain differences in young children who keep stuttering, compared with those who recover or those who never stuttered.
21He discussed his research earlier this month at a conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
22For example, Chow and his team found that genetic mutations related to stuttering are linked to structural problems in the corpus callosum and thalamus areas of the brain.
23The corpus callosum is an area that connects the two sides of the brain and helps them communicate.
24The thalamus sends sensory information to other parts of the brain.
25Past research has also linked stuttering to the basal ganglia, a group of brain structures involved in body movements.
26Though several genes may be involved and the exact genetic causes may vary by child, "they probably affect the brain in a similar way," Chow said.
27Still, many people incorrectly believe that people stutter because they are nervous or suffered childhood trauma.
28Some also think stutterers could stop if they just tried harder.
29"We have a long way to go" to change such beliefs, said University of Maryland researcher Nan Bernstein Ratner.
30Speech therapy is currently the main way to treat stuttering.
31But the medications now being tested could be approved for stuttering in the next few years.
32Studies have suggested that stuttering may be related to high levels of a chemical in the brain called dopamine.
33Some medicines reduce dopamine activity or block its action.
34Holly Nover is a speech pathologist and member of the National Stuttering Association.
35She grew up trying to hide her stutter.
36Her 10-year-old son, Colton, also has a speech problem.
37She said many people will surely be interested in trying stuttering medications.
38But not her. She is happy with her life as it is and says she has accepted her stuttering.
39If Colton were struggling and wanted to try medication as a teenager, however, she would be open to the idea.
40Brayden, who is now 14, does not plan to try medication.
41Taking medicine is "just taking away a part of you...taking away part of your personality," he said.
42I'm Dan Novak.
1Researchers are looking into the biological causes of stuttering. Stuttering is a speech problem that causes the speaker to repeat the beginning sound of some words. 2For centuries, people have feared being judged for stuttering. It is a condition often misunderstood as a psychological problem caused by things like bad parenting or emotional trauma. But research presented at a recent science conference explores its biological causes: genetics and brain differences. 3Stuttering affects 70 million people around the world, including U.S. President Joe Biden. Biden has spoken publicly about being bullied by classmates for his speech problem. He has said that overcoming his stutter was one of the hardest things he ever did. 4After a campaign event in 2020, he met a New Hampshire teenager who also stuttered, Brayden Harrington. They ended up talking for an hour. 5Living with a stutter has not been easy, Brayden told The Associated Press. 6"I want to carry on what Joe Biden said to me," he said. "That this does not define you and that you can be much more than you see yourself as." 7Why do people stutter? 8Stuttering has been recorded as far back as ancient China, Greece and Rome. But no one really knew what caused it until modern genetic science and brain imaging helped provide some answers. 9Researchers identified the first genes strongly linked to stuttering more than a decade ago. Imaging studies looked at brains of adults and older children. And in the last few years, University of Delaware researcher Ho Ming Chow started looking at 3- to 5-year-olds. That is around the age many kids begin stuttering, with about 80 percent outgrowing it. 10Chow said the imaging shows small brain differences in young children who keep stuttering, compared with those who recover or those who never stuttered. He discussed his research earlier this month at a conference of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. 11For example, Chow and his team found that genetic mutations related to stuttering are linked to structural problems in the corpus callosum and thalamus areas of the brain. The corpus callosum is an area that connects the two sides of the brain and helps them communicate. The thalamus sends sensory information to other parts of the brain. Past research has also linked stuttering to the basal ganglia, a group of brain structures involved in body movements. 12Though several genes may be involved and the exact genetic causes may vary by child, "they probably affect the brain in a similar way," Chow said. 13Still, many people incorrectly believe that people stutter because they are nervous or suffered childhood trauma. Some also think stutterers could stop if they just tried harder. 14"We have a long way to go" to change such beliefs, said University of Maryland researcher Nan Bernstein Ratner. 15Moving ahead 16Speech therapy is currently the main way to treat stuttering. But the medications now being tested could be approved for stuttering in the next few years. 17Studies have suggested that stuttering may be related to high levels of a chemical in the brain called dopamine. Some medicines reduce dopamine activity or block its action. 18Holly Nover is a speech pathologist and member of the National Stuttering Association. She grew up trying to hide her stutter. Her 10-year-old son, Colton, also has a speech problem. 19She said many people will surely be interested in trying stuttering medications. But not her. She is happy with her life as it is and says she has accepted her stuttering. If Colton were struggling and wanted to try medication as a teenager, however, she would be open to the idea. 20Brayden, who is now 14, does not plan to try medication. 21Taking medicine is "just taking away a part of you...taking away part of your personality," he said. 22I'm Dan Novak. 23Dan Novak adapted this for VOA Learning English from reporting by The Associated Press. 24______________________________________________________________________ 25Words in This Story 26psychological - n. of or relating to the mind 27trauma - n. a very difficult or unpleasant experience that causes someone to have mental or emotional problems usually for a long time 28bully - n. someone who frightens, hurts, or threatens smaller or weaker people 29mutation - n. a change in the genes of a plant or animal that causes physical characteristics that are different from what is normal